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''Life of Galileo'' ((ドイツ語:Leben des Galilei)), also known as ''Galileo'', is a play by the twentieth-century German dramatist Bertolt Brecht with incidental music by Hanns Eisler. The second (or 'American') version was written between 1945–1947, in collaboration with Charles Laughton. The play received its first theatrical production (in German) at the Zurich Schauspielhaus, opening on 9 September 1948. This production was directed by Leonard Steckel, with set-design by Teo Otto. The cast included Steckel himself (as Galileo), Karl Paryla and Wolfgang Langhoff. The second version (in English) opened at the Coronet Theatre in Los Angeles on 30 July 1947. It was directed by Joseph Losey and Brecht, with musical direction by Serge Hovey and set-design by Robert Davison. Laughton played Galileo, with Hugo Haas as Barberini and Frances Heflin as Virginia. This production opened at the Maxine Elliott's Theatre in New York on 7 December of the same year. A third production, by the Berliner Ensemble with Ernst Busch in the title role, opened in January 1957 at the Theater am Schiffbauerdamm and was directed by Erich Engel, with set-design by Caspar Neher.〔Willett (1959, 46–47).〕 The play was first published in 1940. A screen adaptation of the play, directed by Joseph Losey for American Film Theatre, was produced in 1975 under the title ''Galileo'' with Topol in the title role. The plot of the play concerns the latter period of the life of Galileo Galilei, the great Italian natural philosopher, who was persecuted by the Roman Catholic Church for the promulgation of his scientific discoveries; for details, see Galileo affair. The play embraces such themes as the conflict between dogmatism and scientific evidence, as well as interrogating the values of constancy in the face of oppression. == Versions of the play == After emigrating to the United States from Hitler's Germany (with stopovers in various other countries in between, among them the USSR), Brecht translated and re-worked the first version of his play in collaboration with the actor Charles Laughton.〔McNeil (2005: 45–47)〕 The result of their efforts was the second 'American version' of the play, entitled simply ''Galileo'', which to this day remains the most widely-staged version in the English-speaking world. The same version formed the basis for Losey's 1975 film adaptation as part of the American Film Theatre series. In September 1947, Brecht was subpoenaed in the US by the House Un-American Activities Committee for alleged communist connections. He testified before HUAC on 30 October 1947, and flew to Europe on 31 October. He chose to return to East Germany and continued to work on the play, now once again in the German language. He felt that the optimistic portrait of the scientific project present in the first two versions required revision in a post-Hiroshima world, where science's irrational and harmful potential had become far more apparent.〔McNeil (2005: 63; 111–113)〕 The final German version premiered at Cologne in April 1955. Matej Danter offers a readily-accessible and detailed comparison of the early, the American, and the final German versions.〔Danter (2001)〕 In 2013 the Royal Shakespeare Company performed a new version of the play based on a "pared down" translation by Mark Ravenhill; the Swan Theatre production received a favorable review from the veteran theater critic Michael Billington. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Life of Galileo」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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